{"id":72,"date":"2015-10-28T16:13:46","date_gmt":"2015-10-28T15:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.151.5\/?page_id=72"},"modified":"2016-04-06T08:16:04","modified_gmt":"2016-04-06T07:16:04","slug":"pestovani-rostlin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/pro-dospele\/zemedelstvi-a-kuchyne\/pestovani-rostlin\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed rostlin"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

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<\/i>V\u00edte ?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

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V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee:<\/strong><\/p>

D\u0159\u00edve se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edval term\u00edn neolitick\u00e1 revoluce, ten v\u0161ak nen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd, nebo\u0165 zm\u011bna to sice byla z\u00e1vratn\u00e1, ale nikoliv revolu\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1hl\u00e1. Neolitizace byla postupn\u00fd proces, n\u011bkter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky neolitu \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad pokusy s chovem zv\u00ed\u0159at \u010di c\u00edlen\u00fdm p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00edm rostlin, prob\u00edhaly ji\u017e ve star\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Zav\u0159\u00edt<\/a><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/p>\n

Lidsk\u00fd rod p\u0159e\u0161el k\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed jako k\u00a0hlavn\u00edmu zdroji ob\u017eivy v\u00a0r\u00e1mci tzv. neolitizace<\/strong> na po\u010d\u00e1tku mlad\u0161\u00ed doby kamenn\u00e9 (neolitu). Na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 neolit zhruba v\u00a0dob\u011b 10.\u20139. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed se prvn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci objevuj\u00ed (kultura s\u00a0line\u00e1rn\u00ed keramikou) v\u00a06. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fahlem pohledu p\u0159edstavuje tato zm\u011bna to nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, co \u010dlov\u011bk b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho dlouh\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje u\u010dinil. Usedl\u00fd zp\u016fsob \u017eivota a produkce p\u0159ebytk\u016f je spojena s pot\u0159ebou slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed organizace spole\u010dnosti a je po\u010d\u00e1tkem cesty k\u00a0prvn\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm.<\/p>\n

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<\/i>V\u00edte ?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\n
\n

V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee:<\/strong><\/p>

P\u0159i archeologick\u00fdch v\u00fdzkumech se n\u011bkdy da\u0159\u00ed zachytit stopy orby, kter\u00e9 se otiskly do p\u016fdy. \u010casto tomu tak b\u00fdv\u00e1 pod prav\u011bk\u00fdmi mohylami, uva\u017euje se tedy o ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00faloze orby p\u0159i n\u011bkter\u00fdch poh\u0159bech. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Zav\u0159\u00edt<\/a><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/p>\n

Rovn\u011b\u017e archeologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy na hradi\u0161ti\u00a0v Chot\u011bbuzi-Podobo\u0159e dokazuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitost zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed<\/strong>. Samotn\u00e1 pole se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nedaj\u00ed identifikovat, nach\u00e1z\u00edme ale jak poz\u016fstatky n\u00e1stroj\u016f a n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed, tak zbytky p\u011bstovan\u00fdch plodin. I odtud\u00a0n\u00e1lezy uskladn\u011bn\u00fdch z\u00e1sob poch\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0dob\u011b prav\u011bk\u00e9ho os\u00eddlen\u00ed hradi\u0161t\u011b<\/strong> na p\u0159elomu doby bronzov\u00e9 a za\u010d\u00e1tku star\u0161\u00ed doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 se zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed technicky p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neli\u0161ilo od star\u0161\u00edch obdob\u00ed. Pole se orala pomoc\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch r\u00e1del<\/strong>; radlice z\u00a0doby bronzov\u00e9 dochov\u00e1ny nem\u00e1me, ve star\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9 pronikaj\u00ed z\u00a0Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu do Evropy \u017eelezn\u00e9. Orbu dopl\u0148ovaly d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 motyky<\/strong> a lopaty<\/strong>, d\u00e1le r\u016fzn\u00e9 bodce, otky a pod. I tyto n\u00e1stroje jsou pomalu vyr\u00e1b\u011bny ze \u017eeleza. Sklize\u0148 prob\u00edhala pomoc\u00ed bronzov\u00fdch srp\u016f<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 byly b\u011b\u017en\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 ji\u017e od pozdn\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9 a z\u016fstaly v\u00a0u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b relativn\u011b dlouho v\u00a0dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9, paraleln\u011b se objevuj\u00ed v\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b i srpy \u017eelezn\u00e9. Postupn\u011b se zeslo\u017ei\u0165uje organizace zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a zvy\u0161uje se pestrost rostlin. To v\u0161e sm\u011b\u0159uje ke\u00a0sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika ne\u00farody.<\/p>\n

\"Mal\u00e1<\/a>

Srp a \u017eelezn\u00e1 radli\u010dka<\/p><\/div>\n

V\u00a0ran\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku<\/strong> jsou \u017eelezn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Oradla jsou ji\u017e mnohem \u010dast\u011bji vybavena \u017eeleznou radli\u010dkou<\/strong>, nav\u00edc p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 tzv. krojidlo, co\u017e je jak\u00fdsi \u017eelezn\u00fd n\u016f\u017e p\u0159ipojen\u00fd k\u00a0oradlu, kter\u00fd rozd\u011bluje oranou p\u016fdu a zvy\u0161uje tak efektivitu pr\u00e1ce. Pestrost plodin je ve slovansk\u00e9 dob\u011b o n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, nav\u00edc je mnohem roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u011blen\u00e9 obd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, kdy \u010d\u00e1st p\u016fdy odpo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 a le\u017e\u00ed \u00fahorem. To na jednu stranu v\u00fdrazn\u011b zvy\u0161uje produktivitu, na druhou stranu rostou n\u00e1roky na rozsah pol\u00ed, co\u017e v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu vede ke kolonizaci nov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed (tento v\u00fdvoj je ale pozvoln\u00fd a dlouhodob\u00fd a vrchol\u00ed a\u017e ve 13. stolet\u00ed).<\/p>\n

\u00a0

\n

<\/i>V\u00edte ?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\n
\n

V\u011bd\u011bli jste, \u017ee:<\/strong><\/p>

V Chot\u011bbuzi byla potvrzena p\u0159\u00edtomnost b\u00e9ru. Ten je v n\u00e1lezech z \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00fd. Jedn\u00e1 se o obilovinu velmi podobnou prosu, jej\u00ed v\u00fdskyt ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b je zaj\u00edmav\u00fd z kulturn\u00edho hlediska. B\u011b\u017en\u011b p\u011bstov\u00e1n byl toti\u017e ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, jeho p\u0159\u00edtomnost tak nazna\u010duje kontakty s jihoevropsk\u00fdmi regiony.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Zav\u0159\u00edt<\/a><\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/p>\n

\"Pra\u017enice<\/a>

K pra\u017een\u00ed obil\u00ed slou\u017eily pra\u017enice<\/p><\/div>\n

Archeolog je schopen d\u00edky modern\u00edm metod\u00e1m archeobotanick\u00e9ho rozboru dob\u0159e ur\u010dit jak\u00e9 plodiny<\/strong> byly v minulosti p\u011bstov\u00e1ny. \u010casto lze naj\u00edt zuhelnat\u011bl\u00e1 obiln\u00e1 zrna \u010di semena jin\u00fdch rostlin, mikroskopick\u00fdmi anal\u00fdzami lze identifikovat p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 pyly. Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi plodinami bychom tak\u00a0nalezli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0161enici<\/strong> obecnou a je\u010dmen<\/strong> obecn\u00fd.\u00a0Ob\u011b\u00a0obiloviny pat\u0159\u00ed\u00a0mezi nejstar\u0161\u00ed domestikovan\u00e9 rostliny, ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se objevuj\u00ed od\u00a0po\u010d\u00e1tku neolitu.\u00a0Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou plodinou je proso<\/strong> set\u00e9, takt\u00e9\u017e na\u00a0hradisku identifikovan\u00e9. Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed je potvrzen\u00e1 existence b\u00e9ru<\/strong> vla\u0161sk\u00e9ho, jeho\u017e obilky se ve shluc\u00edch na hradi\u0161ti nalezly.\u00a0Mikroskopick\u00fdmi rozbory pylu pak byla potvrzena pohanka<\/strong> a\u00a0\u017eito<\/strong>, mo\u017en\u00e1 je i p\u0159\u00edtomnost ovsa, ten se ale \u0161patn\u011b rozli\u0161uje od je\u010dmene a p\u0161enice. Ve slovansk\u00e9 kuchyni byly pom\u011brn\u011b hojn\u011b zastoupeny lu\u0161t\u011bniny, z\u00a0lokality m\u00e1me potvrzen\u00fd hr\u00e1ch<\/strong>, nep\u0159ekvapila by n\u00e1s ani \u010do\u010dka. Na hradi\u0161ti se na\u0161li tak\u00e9 zbytky lnu<\/strong> set\u00e9ho, jen\u017e mohl b\u00fdt p\u011bstov\u00e1n jak jako zdroj oleje, tak textiln\u00edho vl\u00e1kna.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lidsk\u00fd rod p\u0159e\u0161el k\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed jako k\u00a0hlavn\u00edmu zdroji ob\u017eivy v\u00a0r\u00e1mci tzv. neolitizace na po\u010d\u00e1tku mlad\u0161\u00ed doby kamenn\u00e9 (neolitu). Na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 neolit zhruba v\u00a0dob\u011b 10.\u20139. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l., na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed se prvn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci objevuj\u00ed (kultura s\u00a0line\u00e1rn\u00ed keramikou) v\u00a06. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. Ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u00fahlem pohledu p\u0159edstavuje tato zm\u011bna to nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, co \u010dlov\u011bk b\u011bhem […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":70,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-72","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=72"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2237,"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/72\/revisions\/2237"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/70"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/drs-projekty.cz\/cz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=72"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}